In this study, Table 1 represents the frequency of fire accidents for different causes in each fire station within the last 5 years. From collected records, most of the fires that the Bayzid Fire Station responded to were due to electric problems in Other fire stations showed an increasing trend of fire occurrences due to electrical faults. The second most prominent cause of fire is from kitchen fires. Most kitchen fires are caused by leaving cooking food unattended, placing combustibles close to the heat source, gas leakage, and unintentionally turning on the cooking equipment.
Again, the Bayzid Fire Station experienced 24 fire incidents due to kitchen fires in , which was the highest in last 5 years. The Kalughat and Chandanpura Fire Stations also exhibited a high number of fire incidents from kitchen fires.
Almost every station showed a variation of fire occurrences over time in the Chattogram City Corporation area. The selected third category for source of fire is presence of hazardous materials. Various inflammable chemicals, liquids, solids, gases, batteries etc. From Table 1 , the Bondor station showed the highest fire incidents caused from hazardous material. Also, the number of fire accidents due to hazardous material increased from 32 to 49 within the 5 years.
After that the number decreased in Cigarettes are regarded as one of the major causes in Bangladesh but yet the most unnoticed sources of fire. Even in open space a cigarettes can create a major fire, and many places and structures have caught fire due to burning cigarettes. The CEPZ Fire Station experienced the highest 10 fire hazards in and after that it gradually decreased to 2 in From to , the Chandanpura Fire Station had between six and nine fire accidents which did not much change during the 5 years.
The Kalurghat Fire Station experienced the most accidents from cigarettes at 15— Within the 5 years, there were not any significant changes in the numbers. But the highest number was 18 which occurred in Frequencies are also illustrated for each station in last 5 years in Table 1. Some fire stations could not provide the exact data as they still collect records manually.
Table 1. Frequency of fire accidents from different causes in each fire station within the last 5 years. The number of fires due to electricity problems is much higher than the other causes and the observation also indicates a significant increasing rate from to Other causes of fire hazards such as fires from kitchens, from hazardous material or sources, and cigarettes did not show significant changes within the 5 years.
Figure 6 represents the percentage of causes of fire hazards. Fire from electrical fault was quite high in terms of frequency and intensity compared to the other causes. The Bayzid Fire Station faced two injuries in The Bondor Fire Station experienced the highest number of injuries from fire incidents compared to the other fire stations.
Nine people were injured in , two in , 21 in , one in , and 12 in Though the number of fire incidents was not much than the other stations, in case of injuries the Bondor station rescued more victims. Areas under the Bondor station are mostly industrial; therefore the number of injuries was higher than other stations within the last 5 years.
In , the Chandanpura Fire Station had a case report for one injured person from fire incidents. The Kalurghat Fire Station rescued one injured person in , two in , five in , six in , and one in The Nandankanan Fire Station reported that they rescued one person from a fire accident in , 10 people in , and two in The number of injuries recorded in the last 5 years from fire accidents exhibited an increasing trend from to But it started to decrease after then to The Agrabad, Bayzid, and Chandanpura Fire Station reported no deaths from fire accidents within the 5 years.
The Bondor Fire Station reported seven deaths in and one each in and The Kalurghat Fire Station had one death report each in and KEPZ had records for only 1 year and within that year they faced one death from fire accidents. One death was reported in from the Nandankanan Fire Station. The number of people who died from fire increased from to and after that the trend started to decrease until Financial losses for each year from fire accidents were quite high.
Figure 7 represents the financial loss within the last 5 years in the CCC area. Financial loss from each accident is recorded in approximate amount in every fire station. The amount decreased gradually until and the last reported financial loss was , BDT in From the graph, the Kalurghat Fire Station shows that they had fire incidents that caused the most financial losses within the 5 years compared to the other fire stations.
From the observations, the financial loss started to increase from to After , the loss started to decrease significantly. For the purpose of this study, the winter season is defined as the months of November through February, early summer as February through March, summer as March through June, and the rainy or monsoon season as July through October. Seasons are not as easy to define as other fire categories as they blend with one another.
From Figure 8 , in the Chattogram City Corporation CCC area, the frequency trend of the fire incidents shows that in the winter season the number of fire incidents tends to increase due to dry weather. In December, the number of fire incidents that occurred in the CCC area was and in the February and March, and , respectively.
But the frequency started to decrease in summer and monsoon time. In April, the total number of fire incidents in the CCC area was which was less than the month before.
In November, the number decreased to which was in the early winter time. The average number of fire incidents in each month of the nine fire stations in the CCC area shows that January, February, March, April, and December had the most fire incidents in the previous 5 years.
March had the highest number which was December had 27, January had 37, and April had The lowest number of fire incidents occurred in November with The results also showed that most of the fire accidents occurred in the winter and summer seasons. It is evident that intensity of fire is high in winter and early summer time. Standard firefighting capacity should be ensured for every station to face fire incidents efficiently.
The overall firefighting capacity of the nine fire stations of the Chattogram City Corporation area have been assessed. Firefighting capacity has been assessed using two parameters, spatial parameters and non-spatial parameters.
Spatial parameters are basically related to the location of fire stations which include coverage area, population served, and standard service area. On the other hand, non-spatial parameters include capacity of manpower and firefighting vehicles.
In the following parts, the overall capacity of the nine fire stations have been elaborated. According to BFSCD rules, there is a designated area for every fire station and the station is responsible to respond first in times of any fire incident within that area.
This designated area is termed as the coverage area of the respective fire station. When the first station fails to put out the fire then the other neighboring stations add their support in the firefighting activity.
Table 2 represents the coverage area and serving population per station of different cities. In the Chattogram City Corporation area, nine fire stations are responsible for serving an around sq.
On average, the coverage area per station is In Bangladesh, there are no rules or standard for coverage area and the size of the served population.
In the Chattogram City Corporation area, average area coverage per station is relatively lower than the others. But as the density of population is very high in this city, average population served per station is very high which is around 8 times larger than the average population served per station in Delhi, 17 times larger than that of Bangkok, and 19 times larger than that of Oklahoma City.
In firefighting activities, response time is the most crucial issue, as the loss due to fire incidents increases with increased response time. Standard service area is the designated area within which the firefighting team can reach in the standard response time. According to the National Fire Protection Association NFPA standard, the first firefighting vehicle is supposed to arrive at a fire incident within 4 min or less and the full assignment team is required to arrive within 8 min or less NFPA, This 10 min standard is also practiced in other cities such as Singapore.
In times of fire incidents, though the turn-out time of the firefighters is only 30 s, the team cannot reach in the incident spot in due time basically because of huge traffic congestion on their way to the destination.
And this traffic congestion has been identified as the major obstacle to efficient firefighting by the fire officials of the stations. Table 3 represents the response time of fire stations in times of fire incidents. In some cases, people in the community put out the fire before the arrival of the firefighting team. This service area map has been prepared based on the data collected during the field survey using a hand GPS from each station and represented using GIS techniques.
This service area map shows the coverage area of the nine fire stations throughout the CCC area. Figure 9. Efficient manpower in firefighting is only possible when the service is properly staffed.
Manpower includes the officials and staff involved in the firefighting activity. Besides, the regular staff, volunteers play an important role in times of fire incidents all over the world.
Except officials, in every fire station of the Chattogram City Corporation CCC area, there are staff which include a senior station officer, staff officer, station officer, warehouse inspector, driver, fireman, cook, and cleaner. Except the cook and cleaner, all staff are trained for firefighting. As a whole, there are trained firefighters who include officials and firefighting staff in the nine fire stations within the Chattogram City Corporation CCC area.
Usually, all the fire staff get a h gap after a duty of 48 h. But from the interview it was revealed that due to an inappropriate number of staff in each fire station, the officials and staff only take a short break and they then have to remain on duty for 24 h.
If necessary, they have to take leave from their office duty and arrange someone of their rank as substitute. Different national and international organizations have set different standards for firefighters to mitigate the loss of fire incidents. Besides, according to the NFPA standard, there should be four on-duty personnel for fire companies whose primary functions are to pump and deliver water and perform basic firefighting at fires, including search and rescue Wilson, In all fire stations, in every fire company, four on-duty personnel attend in the case of any fire incident.
In the CCC area, population density is very high compared to other cities. Table 4 represents the population:staff ratio in different cities. Volunteers of the fire department work in parallel with the regular firefighters in different fire departments of different countries.
In Canada, Volunteer Fire Departments are mostly found in rural and remote areas, with , such firefighters across the country. Volunteer departments are necessary for areas that cannot afford to staff a full-time department Patton, But, according to the training department of the BFSCD, there are no facilities of regular training courses to recruit volunteers. The project aim was to build up 30, volunteers with knowledge on collapsed structure search, rescue, firefighting, and first aid in times of earthquakes which was implemented by Fire Service and Civil Defense Directorate.
Through the implementation of the program, at the end of the project 30, volunteers were trained. The target area of the project was three city corporations: Dhaka City Corporation, Chattogram City Corporation, and Sylhet City Corporation and seven other districts: Dinajpur, Rangpur, Bagura, Rajshahi, Tangail, Mymensingh, and Cox's Bazar which was selected based on the level of earthquake vulnerability.
But recently there has been no such type of program to recruit efficient volunteers Tishi, Firefighting vehicles are one of the vital elements of firefighting for any type of emergency. The type and capacity of these emergency vehicles must conform to the specific requirement according to land use characteristics and pattern of fire incidents. In India, according to the National Disaster Management Guidelines of Fire Services, water tender, extra heavy water tender, and ambulance vehicles are recommended as standard scale for each fire station NDMA, Besides, in addition to the appliances mentioned above, more specialized appliances should be provided at selected fire stations according to local circumstances.
Among which a turntable ladder, hydraulic platform, extra heavy pumping appliance, motor cycle mist, and foam tender are important in firefighting vehicles. In our country, the emergency firefighting vehicles mostly cover the above-mentioned vehicles. Existing firefighting vehicles of the BFSCD include water tender store water, capacity ranges from to L , special water tender special type of water tender, capacity ranges from to L , toeing vehicle carries different types of equipment including water pump, foam can, etc.
Among these vehicles, according to BFSCD rules, there is a standard number of vehicles designated for each type of fire station. All other types of vehicles are supposed to be housed in the head office of BFSCD and in every divisional head office.
In a written document, the designated type and number of vehicle and equipment did not consider the specific land use characteristics. The next section will present a summary of key findings followed by conclusions and recommendations. PRA session results are discussed below. The spider diagram refers to the role of participants according to different activities which will help to improve the existing condition of fire-related hazards. This diagram has been prepared with the help of a PRA session conducted during the field survey.
The activities education, collaboration, budget, internal factor, external factor, participation, physical strength, and efficiency, etc. The participants are divided into three parts, a fire station role, different authority role, and people role. Fire station roles include firefighters, equipment, and training. If this role of the fire station improves, the fire-related hazard will be decreased. Industrial Vacuum Cleaners. Find Your Product By Industry.
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