Hence, the commands SAVE query2. If more than one of an item in italics can be Following is an example you can command prompt and execute T-SQL commands. The T-SQL commands can be stored in a script file, entered interactively, or specified as command-line arguments to sqlcmd.
NOTE The isqland osqlcommand-line utilities are not covered in this chapter. The osqlutility is List all rows for that station ID. Before you start doing practice with various types of examples given in this reference, Im making an assumption that you are.
However, if you wanted to return a list of countries, you might use a query such as the following: The list of SQL Server functions is sorted alphabetically based on the function name. SQL is a basic query language which every programmer must know. The statements which defines the structure of a database, create tables, specify their keys, indexes and so on. Want to get certified in SQL!
With this, we come to an end of SQL commands Cheat sheet. Still have queries? Leave a Reply Cancel reply. Your email address will not be published. Read More. Become a Certified Professional. ON Signifies the database object to which you grant roles. TO Signifies the users or user list to whom you grant roles.
If you omit schema, Oracle Lite assumes that the table or view is in your own schema. In the inserted row, each column listed in this argument is assigned a value from the VALUES clause or from the subquery. This can contain host variables. Prerequisites None. Usage Notes The number of levels returned by a hierarchical query is limited to Example The following statement returns all employees in hierarchical order. Prerequisite None. Snapshot table 16 The row is a new row created at the client side.
Snapshot table 32 The row has been updated. Regular table 0 This value is static and never changes. TO An optional argument that enables you to roll back to a savepoint. DDL commands in Oracle Lite are subject to rollback. They can show you how a table's rows are stored.
They are unique identifiers for rows in a table. Duplicate rows are those with matching values for each expression in the select list. ALL Returns all rows selected, including all copies of duplicates. The default is ALL. Use the schema qualifier to select from a schema other than your own. A column name in this list can be qualified with a schema only if the table or view that contains the column is itself qualified with a schema in the FROM clause. A column alias does not affect the actual name of the column.
It cannot be used by other clauses in the query. If you omit schema , Oracle Lite assumes that the table, view, or snapshot resides in your own schema.
Most often used in a correlated query. Other references to the table, view, or snapshot throughout the query must refer to the alias. Rows for which the condition is TRUE are the children of the parent. GROUP BY Groups the selected rows based on the value of the expr argument for each row, and returns a single row of summary information for each group.
If you omit this clause, Oracle Lite returns summary rows for all groups. This syntax is supported, but has no function. ASC specifies an ascending sort order. ASC is the default. DESC specifies a descending sort order. Figure The subquery Expression. Figure The query spec Expression. AND o. You can limit the number of rows returned by a query, as follows: LIMIT clause: Enables you to return only a specified number of rows, so that you do not overwhelm the limitations of your device or application.
Limit and Offset Clause Example A customer uses an order entry application, where there is a product table with over 3, rows with a primary index on the product number. DeptNo and Emp. OrdId And Item. ProdId And Product. Note: Oracle Lite implicitly commits the current transaction before and after executing a data definition language statement.
The transaction does not take place until rows write locked by other transactions are unlocked. The transaction holds a read lock when it reads the current row and a write lock when it updates or deletes the current row. This prevents other transactions from updating or deleting it. The transaction releases read locks when it moves off the current row, and releases write locks when it is either committed or rolled back.
The transaction maintains read locks on all rows it returns to the application, and maintains write locks on all rows it inserts, updates, or deletes. The transaction only releases its locks when it is committed or rolled back. The transaction holds a read lock when it reads a range of rows and a write lock when it updates or deletes a range of rows.
This prevents other transactions from updating or deleting the rows. The transaction has no locks and therefore consumes less memory. This is recommended for bulk loading of the database. Figure The Update Command. If you omit schema , Oracle Lite assumes that the table or view resides in your own schema.
SET Indicates that the columns that follow be set to specific values. If you omit one of the table's columns in the SET clause, that column's value remains unchanged. All rights reserved. Contents Index. Note: All examples refer to sample database objects supplied with Oracle Database Lite. The name of the schema to contain the sequence. Specifies the interval between sequence numbers. Specifies the maximum value the sequence can generate. Specifies a maximum value of for an ascending sequence or —1 for a descending sequence.
Specifies the minimum value that the sequence can generate. Specifies a minimum value of 1 for an ascending sequence or — for a descending sequence. The NLS date format. The name of the schema, which is a character string of up to characters. Specifies that a column or integrity constraint is added to the database table. Specifies that a column or integrity constraint is dropped from the database table.
Specifies a default value expr expression for the new column. A valid expression. A column integrity constraint. A table integrity constraint.
An integrity constraint to be dropped. Attaches a Java class or source file to the database table. Indicates that the Java class or source file must be attached in either a database, Java class, or source path. The database in which you attach the Java class or source path. The directory containing the specified Java class or source file. Specifies attributes of the class to be used as arguments to the Java constructor. Enables all triggers associated with the table.
Disables all triggers associated with the table. This specifies a new default for an existing column. This modifies the definition of an existing column. Modifies the state of an existing constraint. This setting specifies that all existing data complies with the constraint. This setting ensures that all new DML operations on the constrained data comply with the constraint, but does not ensure that existing data in the table complies with the constraint.
This setting disables the constraint and converts the index on the primary key constraint to an ordinary index, but keeps the constraint valid. This setting signifies that Oracle Database Lite makes no effort to maintain the constraint because it is disabled and cannot guarantee that the constraint is true because it is not validated. The schema containing the trigger. Enables the trigger. Disables the trigger.
The user to be altered. Indicates how Oracle Database Lite permits user access. Specifies a new password for the user which is a name of up to characters. The schema to contain the view. Causes Oracle Lite to recompile the view.
An optional argument with no effect. Identifies the integrity constraint named by the constraint argument. Specifies that a column cannot contain null values.
Designates a column, or a combination of columns, as a unique key. Designates a column, or a combination of columns, as the table's primary key. This specifies how many columns should be used to create the index. Designates a column, or a combination of columns in the child table, as the foreign key in a referential integrity constraint.
The name of the schema, which is a character string up to characters. Identifies the primary key or unique key of the parent table that is referenced by a foreign key in a referential integrity constraint.
Specifies the table on which the constraint is placed. Specifies the column of the table on which the constraint is placed. Specifies that Oracle Database Lite maintains referential integrity by automatically removing dependent foreign key values when you remove a referenced primary key or unique key value. Specifies that a condition be checked for each row in the table. Specifies the condition that each row in the table must satisfy. A data file name or full path name. A unique identifier for the database.
The maximum file size to which the database can grow. An incremental amount of pages in a database file. The number of 4K kilobyte pages which make up an extent the minimum unit of allocation for a table.
Recreates the function if it already exists. The schema to contain the function. The name of the function to create. The name of an argument to the function. Specifies that you must supply a value for the argument when calling the function. Specifies that the function sets the value of the argument. Specifies that a value for the argument can be supplied by you and may be set by the function.
The datatype of an argument. Specifies the datatype of the function's return value. Maps the Java method name, parameter types, and return type to their SQL counterparts.
Identifies the Java implementation of the method. A schema, which has the same name as the user who owns it.
The datatype of the column. Designates the specified column or combination of columns as a unique key. The name of the index to create. The name of the table for which the index is created. The name of a column in the table.
Provided for DB2 compatibility only. Recreates the schema object containing the Java class, source, or resource if it already exists. Oracle Database Lite recognizes but ignores this parameter. Loads a Java source file. Identifies the format of the class file. Recreates the procedure if it already exists.
The schema to contain the procedure. The name of an argument to the procedure. Indicates that you must specify a value for the argument when calling the procedure. Indicates that the procedure passes a value for this argument back to its calling environment after execution. Indicates that you must specify a value for the argument when calling the procedure and that the procedure passes a value back to its calling environment after execution.
The datatype of the argument. Maps the Java method name, parameter types, and return type to SQL counterparts. Specifies the first sequence number to be generated. Creates a public synonym. The schema to contain the synonym.
FOR object. Identifies the object for which the synonym is created. The name of a database table. Set the column to auto increment column. Adds a column integrity constraint. Adds a table integrity constraint. Recreates the trigger if it already exists. The schema to contain the trigger.
Specifies that the trigger should be fired before executing the triggering statement. Specifies that the trigger should be fired after executing the triggering statement. The column s that, when updated, cause the trigger to be fired. Specifies the schema and name of the table on which the trigger is to be created. Designates the trigger to be a row trigger. Name of the Java method Oracle Database Lite executes to fire the trigger.
The user to be created. Recreates the view if it already exists. Specify FORCE if you want to create the view regardless of whether the view's base tables or the referenced object types exist or the owner of the schema containing the view has privileges on them.
Specify NO FORCE if you want to create the view only if the base tables exist and the owner of the schema containing the view has privileges on them. Specifies names for the expressions selected by the view's query. Identifies columns and rows of the table s on which the view is based. The schema that contains the table or view. The name of a table from which you want to delete rows. The name of the view. Deletes only rows that satisfy a condition specified with the condition argument.
Drops the integrity constraint named constraint. If any integrity constraints depend on the constraint to drop, the DROP command fails. The schema containing the function. The name of the function to drop. The schema that contains the index to drop. Specifies the name of an existing Java class, source, or resource schema object. The schema containing the procedure. The name of the procedure to drop. The schema to drop from the database. Specifies that all other objects whose definitions depend on the specified schema are automatically dropped with the schema.
The schema that contains the sequence to drop. Specifies a public synonym. The schema that contains the table to drop. Specifies that, if the table is a base table for views, or if there are referential integrity constraints that refer to primary keys in the table, they are automatically dropped with the table.
Specifies that all referential integrity constraints that refer to primary keys in the table are automatically dropped with the table. The schema that contains the trigger. The schema that contains the view to drop. Specifies that all other views whose definitions depend on the specified view are automatically dropped with the view. Index loop join is an index used to join the table following "IL". Indicates the optimizer's estimate of rows for the result of the join.
Signifies the database object to which you grant roles. Signifies the users or user list to whom you grant roles. The name of the table into which you want to insert rows. The name of the view into whose base tables you want to insert rows. A column of a table or view. Specifies a row of values to be inserted into the table or view. The values assigned to the corresponding column.
An optional argument supported to provide ANSI compatibility. An optional argument that enables you to roll back to a savepoint. Returns only one copy of each set of duplicate rows selected. Returns all rows selected, including all copies of duplicates. Selects all columns from all tables, views, or snapshots listed in the FROM clause. Selects all columns from the selected table.
Selects all columns from the selected view. Selects an expression, usually based on column values, from one of the tables or views in the FROM clause. Hints are processed by the Oracle Database Lite optimizer to suggest choices for statement execution. Hint processed by both Oracle and Oracle Database Lite. Hint processed as a comment in Oracle, processed by Oracle Database Lite. Provides a column alias, which is a different name for the column expression, and causes the column alias to be used in the column heading.
The schema that contains the selected table, view, or snapshot. Provides a different name or alias for the table, view, or snapshot, for evaluating the query. Restricts the rows selected to those for which the specified condition is TRUE. A search condition. Specifies the relationship between parent and child rows in a hierarchical query.
Groups the selected rows based on the value of the expr argument for each row, and returns a single row of summary information for each group. Restricts the groups of rows returned to those groups for which the specified condition is TRUE. Returns all distinct rows selected by both queries. Returns all rows selected by either query, including duplicates. Returns all distinct rows selected by the first query but not the second. Orders rows returned by the SELECT statement, according to the following arguments: expr expression orders rows based on their value for expr.
Locks the selected rows.
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