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Advance article alerts. New issue alert. New uses and indications for MRI have contributed to the development of additional magnetic resonance technology. Magnetic resonance angiography MRA is a new procedure used to evaluate blood flow through arteries in a noninvasive the skin is not pierced manner. MRA can also be used to detect intracranial within the brain aneurysms and vascular malformations abnormalities of blood vessels within the brain, spinal cord, or other parts of the body.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy MRS is another noninvasive procedure used to assess chemical abnormalities in body tissues, such as the brain. MRS may be used to assess disorders such as HIV infection of the brain , stroke , head injury , coma, Alzheimer's disease , tumors, and multiple sclerosis.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain fMRI is used to determine the specific location of the brain where a certain function, such as speech or memory, occurs. The general areas of the brain in which such functions occur are known, but the exact location may vary from person to person.
During functional resonance imaging of the brain, you will be asked to perform a specific task, such as recite the Pledge of Allegiance, while the scan is being done. By pinpointing the exact location of the functional center in the brain, doctors can plan surgery or other treatments for a particular disorder of the brain. The spinal column, also called the vertebral or spinal canal, is made up of 33 vertebrae that are separated by spongy disks and classified into distinct areas.
The spinal cord, a major part of the central nervous system, is located in the vertebral canal and reaches from the base of the skull to the upper part of the lower back. The spinal cord is surrounded by the bones of the spine and a sac containing cerebrospinal fluid. The spinal cord carries sensory and movement signals to and from the brain, and controls many reflexes. The central nervous system CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is an important organ that controls thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, respirations, temperature, hunger, and every other process that regulates our body.
The cerebrum supratentorial or front of brain is composed of the right and left hemispheres. Functions of the cerebrum include: initiation of movement, coordination of movement, body temperature, touch, vision, hearing, judgment, reasoning, problem solving, emotions, and learning. The brainstem midline or middle of brain includes the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla. Functions of this area include: movement of the eyes and mouth, relaying sensory messages such as hot, pain, and loud , hunger, respirations, consciousness, cardiac function, body temperature, involuntary muscle movements, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing.
The cerebellum infratentorial or back of brain is located at the back of the head. Its function is to coordinate voluntary muscle movements and to maintain posture, balance, and equilibrium. A deep part of the brain, located in the brainstem, the pons contains many of the control areas for eye and face movements. The lowest part of the brainstem, the medulla is the most vital part of the entire brain and contains important control centers for the heart and lungs. Spinal cord. A large bundle of nerve fibers located in the back that extends from the base of the brain to the lower back, the spinal cord carries messages to and from the brain and controls many reflexes.
Frontal lobe. The largest section of the brain located in the front of the head, the frontal lobe is involved in personality characteristics and movement. Parietal lobe. The middle part of the brain, the parietal lobe helps a person to identify objects and understand spatial relationships where one's body is compared to objects around the person. The parietal lobe is also involved in interpreting pain and touch in the body. Occipital lobe. The occipital lobe is the back part of the brain that is involved with vision.
Temporal lobe. The sides of the brain, these temporal lobes are involved in memory, speech, and sense of smell. Subdural hematoma an area of bleeding just under the dura mater, or covering of the brain. Hydrocephalus , or fluid in the brain. Help plan surgeries on the spine, such as decompression of a pinched nerve or spinal fusion. MRI can also help to identify the specific location of a functional center of the brain the specific part of the brain controlling a function, such as speech or memory to assist in treatment of a condition of the brain.
Because radiation is not used, there is no risk of exposure to ionizing radiation during an MRI exam. Due to the use of the strong magnet, special precautions must be taken to perform an MRI on patients with certain implanted devices such as pacemakers or cochlear implants. The MRI technologist will need some information from you regarding the implanted device, such as the make and model number, to determine if it is safe for you to have an MRI.
Patients who have internal metal objects, such as surgical clips, plates, screws or wire mesh, might not be eligible for an MRI.
If there is a possibility that you are claustrophobic, then you can ask your physician to provide you with anti-anxiety medication to take prior to your MRI examination. You should plan to have someone drive you home after the MRI. If you are pregnant or suspect that you may be pregnant, you should notify your health care provider.
To date there is no information indicating that MRI is harmful to an unborn child, however MRI testing during the first trimester is discouraged.
A doctor may order a contrast dye to be used during some MRI exams in order for the radiologist to better view internal tissues and blood vessels on the completed images. If contrast is used, there is a risk for allergic reaction. Patients who are allergic or sensitive to contrast dye or iodine should notify the radiologist or technologist.
There may be other risks depending on your specific medical condition. Be sure to discuss any concerns with your doctor prior to the procedure.
There are some specialty MRI exams that require certain restrictions. You will be provided detailed preparations instructions by Johns Hopkins Medical Imaging when you schedule your exam. A locker will be provided for you to use. Please remove all piercings and leave all jewelry and valuables at home. You must lie perfectly still for quality images. Due to the loud noise of the MRI machine, earplugs are required and will be provided.
ALLERGY : If you have had an allergic reaction to contrast that required medical treatment, contact your ordering physician to obtain the recommended prescription. You will likely take this by mouth 24, 12 and two hours prior to examination. Please note that you will need some else to drive you home. Based on your medical condition, your health care provider may require other specific preparation. When you call to make an appointment, it is extremely important that you inform if any of the following apply to you:.
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